Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2020,11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1
synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of a glucose solution yielding carbon spheres with sizes of 330 ± 50 nm, followed by nitrogen doping via heat treatment in ammonia atmosphere. The influence of a) varying the nitrogen doping temperature (550–1000 °C) and b) of a catalyticgraphitization prior to nitrogen
beneficial or disadvantageous. The degree of graphitization can be increased, e.g., by higher reaction temperatures or catalyticgraphitization [31][32][33].
Previously, we had reported on core–shell titanium (oxy)nitride and tantalum (oxy)nitride@N-doped carbon composite spheres, which were based on a
catalyticgraphitization of g-NCS-850 and g-NCS-1000, the smooth surface becomes texturized or perforated as seen in the SEM images (cf. Figure 2d,e), and the spheres partially erode. This can be explained as a result of catalyticgraphitization, for which the following mechanism was proposed by Nettelroth
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Figure 1:
Schematic synthesis overview of amorphous N-doped carbon spheres (NCSs) and graphitized N-doped car...
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.2019,10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41
pronounced energy consumption for the reactor heating as well as with challenges to handle chlorine at such high temperatures. The second approach is using catalyticgraphitization during the material synthesis. It typically requires only moderate temperatures (typically starting from 800 °C, depending on
types of carbides [19]). Commonly used graphitization catalysts are transitions metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co [18][21][22]. The conventional method for catalyticgraphitization is to mix the non-porous carbide and metal catalyst precursor prior to the selective etching at high temperature. Indeed, the
heterogeneous combination. Immobilizing the transition metal-catalyst at each particle would ensure a homogeneous catalyticgraphitization of the whole powder samples.
We recently introduced the possibility to obtain core–shell particles in which a nanoporous carbon shell is covering a carbide core [14][15][24
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Figure 1:
The schematic of graphitic CDC production via immobilization of transition-metal graphitization cat...